This is a Swadesh list of words in Elamite, compared with that of English.
Presentation[edit]
- For further information, read the article: Swadesh list
The Swadesh word list, developed by the linguist w:Morris Swadesh, is used as a tool to study the evolution of languages. It contains a set of basic words which can be found in every language. Various versions have been created, in particular:
Stolper, Matthew Wolfgang, 2004, Elamite, In: Woodard, Roger D. (ed.), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge. Skip to main content This banner text can have markup. Languages Old Persian, Babylonian, and Elamite the first step was the preparation of a concordance of Old Persian words. Through an intimate knowledge of this language and by a comparison with the Ak kadian, late Elamite could be made intelligible. Next followed the compilation of an Elamite dictionary.
- a complete 207 words version, in which some of the words are not found in every environment (it contains for instance snake and snow)
- a reduced 100 words version.
This word list should not be considered as an elementary lexicon to communicate with speakers of a given language; for such a purpose, the numerous existing Wikivoyage lexicons are more useful. Its only objective is to give a rough idea of the language, by showing its lexical and, when possible, phonetics basis.
List[edit]
Editorial note: Because cuneiform permits both logographic and syllabic writings, some Elamite words are written only logographically using the logograms used in Sumerian cuneiform; these can be distinguished in the Swadesh list by being in all capitals as is the usual convention for cuneiform logograms.
No. | English | Elamite |
---|---|---|
1 | I | u, hu |
2 | you (singular) | ni, nu |
3 | he | e |
4 | we | ni-ka |
5 | you (plural) | |
6 | they | ap |
7 | this | hu, hi |
8 | that | ak-ka |
9 | here | a-ha, i-ma |
10 | there | ah |
11 | who | ak-qa |
12 | what | appa |
13 | where | mur |
14 | when | sap, an-ka |
15 | how | anka |
16 | not | in-na |
17 | all | ku-ti-na, mar-be-ip |
18 | many | ir-še-ik-ki |
19 | some | aš-ki |
20 | few | harikki |
21 | other | daae |
22 | one | ki-ir |
23 | two | ma-ir |
24 | three | zí-ti |
25 | four | |
26 | five | |
27 | big | ir-šá-na |
28 | long | me-lu-uk |
29 | wide | šadanika |
30 | thick | |
31 | heavy | ab-ba-ra, |
32 | small | harikki |
33 | short | |
34 | narrow | |
35 | thin | zik-ki |
36 | woman | zana (lady) |
37 | man (adult male) | ru-h, RUH.MEŠ |
38 | man (human being) | ruh, LU.lg |
39 | child | tur, hh. ma-ul-li |
40 | wife | ir-ti |
41 | husband | |
42 | mother | am-ma |
43 | father | at-ta, ad-da |
44 | animal | |
45 | fish | |
46 | bird | MUŠEN |
47 | dog | UR.lg |
48 | louse | |
49 | snake | ši-in |
50 | worm | *krmi- |
51 | tree | NGIŠ.hu.sa |
52 | forest | hu-sa |
53 | stick | ngiš |
54 | fruit | bu-ur |
55 | seed | zišša |
56 | leaf | |
57 | root | |
58 | bark (of a tree) | |
59 | flower | mi-ik-ki |
60 | grass | NGIŠ.IN.lg |
61 | rope | šama |
62 | skin | ha-tin, KUŠ.MEŠ |
63 | meat | i-iš-ti |
64 | blood | sa-an |
65 | bone | |
66 | fat (noun) | NGIŠ.Ì.lg, ap-pi |
67 | egg | |
68 | horn | qa-as-su |
69 | tail | |
70 | feather | |
71 | hair | še- |
72 | head | uk-ku |
73 | ear | si-ri |
74 | eye | el-ti |
75 | nose | *šim- |
76 | mouth | |
77 | tooth | si-h-ha |
78 | tongue (organ) | ti-ut |
79 | fingernail | pu-ur |
80 | foot | ba-at, pa-at |
81 | leg | |
82 | knee | |
83 | hand | ŠU.MEŠ, kir-pi (hands) |
84 | wing | |
85 | belly | |
86 | guts | |
87 | neck | ti-pi |
88 | back | |
89 | breast | GABA.lg |
90 | heart | bu-ni |
91 | liver | ru-el-pa-mín |
92 | to drink | si-kaš-da |
93 | to eat | mak-, te-ri-qa |
94 | to bite | |
95 | to suck | |
96 | to spit | |
97 | to vomit | |
98 | to blow | ba-ki-iš |
99 | to breathe | zu-ür-zu-ür |
100 | to laugh | |
101 | to see | siya- |
102 | to hear | hap |
103 | to know | tur- |
104 | to think | el-ma |
105 | to smell | |
106 | to fear | ip-ši |
107 | to sleep | |
108 | to live | ka-tu |
109 | to die | *halb- |
110 | to kill | halba- |
111 | to fight | bet |
112 | to hunt | |
113 | to hit | ga-az- |
114 | to cut | massi |
115 | to split | |
116 | to stab | |
117 | to scratch | |
118 | to dig | at-tu |
119 | to swim | |
120 | to fly | |
121 | to walk | izza- |
122 | to come | ši-in-nu |
123 | to lie (as in a bed) | |
124 | to sit | mur- |
125 | to stand | |
126 | to turn (intransitive) | |
127 | to fall | |
128 | to give | *tun- |
129 | to hold | marri |
130 | to squeeze | |
131 | to rub | |
132 | to wash | |
133 | to wipe | |
134 | to pull | |
135 | to push | |
136 | to throw | |
137 | to tie | rabba |
138 | to sew | |
139 | to count | tiri |
140 | to say | tu-ru, na- |
141 | to sing | |
142 | to play | |
143 | to float | |
144 | to flow | |
145 | to freeze | |
146 | to swell | |
147 | sun | na-hu-te |
148 | moon | itud |
149 | star | MUL.lg |
150 | water | zul, A.MEŠ |
151 | rain | te-ip |
152 | river | da, A.MEŠ |
153 | lake | |
154 | sea | KAM.MESH |
155 | salt | |
156 | stone | h.har.lg, HAR.MEŠ |
157 | sand | |
158 | dust | |
159 | earth | mu-ru-un |
160 | cloud | |
161 | fog | |
162 | sky | ki-ik |
163 | wind | IM.lg |
164 | snow | |
165 | ice | |
166 | smoke | |
167 | fire | li-im, li-mi-in |
168 | ash | |
169 | to burn | li-im-ma |
170 | road | KASKAL.MEŠ |
171 | mountain | el-pi |
172 | red | |
173 | green | hu-la-ap-na |
174 | yellow | hh.šá-ir-nu-ya |
175 | white | |
176 | black | |
177 | night | šu-ut-me |
178 | day | na-an |
179 | year | bel |
180 | warm | |
181 | cold | |
182 | full | man-da-qa, pu- |
183 | new | piš |
184 | old | qa-ra, ru-ru |
185 | good | ba-ha, ma-ri-ya |
186 | bad | |
187 | rotten | |
188 | dirty | |
189 | straight | |
190 | round | ir-pi |
191 | sharp (as a knife) | |
192 | dull (as a knife) | |
193 | smooth | |
194 | wet | |
195 | dry | *zit, zí-ti-qa |
196 | correct | išturraka |
197 | near | kanna |
198 | far | |
199 | right | šutur |
200 | left | |
201 | at | hate, ŠÀ |
202 | in | ma- |
203 | with | hidaka |
204 | and | ak-ka |
205 | if | an-ka |
206 | because | |
207 | name | hi-iš |
See also[edit]
Bibliography[edit]
- Elamisches Woerterbuch, Walter Hinz and Heidemarie Koch, 1987
Further reading[edit]
- Václav Blažek. 2015. Elamite dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Swadesh lists |
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Individual languages |
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Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings |
Afro-Asiatic –Algonquian and Iroquoian –Austroasiatic –Austronesian –Baltic –Bantu –Celtic –Chumashan and Hokan –Dené–Yeniseian –Dravidian –Finnic –Formosan –Frisian –Germanic –Hmong-Mien –Indo-Aryan –Indo-Iranian –Italian –Japonic –Kra–Dai –Mayan –Muskogean –Niger–Congo –Oto-Manguean –Paleosiberian –Penutian –Romance –Sino-Tibetan: (Tibeto-Burman,Tibeto-Burman (Nepal)) –Kho-Bwa, Kuki-Chin –Slavic –Siouan and Pawnee –South American –Tungusic –Tupian –Turkic –Uralic –Uto-Aztecan |
Constructed auxiliary languages |
Esperanto – Ido – Interlingua –Interlingue –Lingua Franca Nova –Toki Pona –Volapük |
Reconstructed Proto languages |
Proto-Austronesian – Proto-Balto-Slavic – Proto-Basque –Proto-Indo-European – Proto-Indo-Iranian – Proto-Japanese – Proto-Slavic –Vulgar Latin |
Retrieved from 'https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Elamite_Swadesh_list&oldid=51089492'
Elamo-Dravidian | |
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(obsolete) | |
Geographic distribution | South Asia, West Asia |
Linguistic classification | Proposed language family |
Subdivisions |
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Glottolog | None |
Part of a series on |
Dravidian culture and history |
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Portal:Dravidian civilizations |
The Elamo-Dravidian language family is a hypothesised language family that links the Dravidian languages of India to the extinct Elamite language of ancient Elam (present-day southwestern Iran). Linguist David McAlpin has been a chief proponent of the Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis.[1] According to McAlpin, the long-extinct Harappan language (the language or languages of the Indus Valley Civilization) might also have been part of this family. The hypothesis has gained attention in academic circles, but has been subject to serious criticism by linguists, and remains only one of several scenarios for the origins of the Dravidian languages.[note 1] Elamite is accepted by scholars to be a language isolate, unrelated to any other known language.[3]
![Pdf Pdf](http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/27_Scythians/MordtmannAD1862P37Table.gif)
Linguistic arguments[edit]
According to David McAlpin, the Dravidian languages were brought to India by immigration into India from Elam, located in present-day southwestern Iran.[4][5] McAlpin (1975) in his study identified some similarities between Elamite and Dravidian. He proposed that 20% of Dravidian and Elamite vocabulary are cognates while 12% are probable cognates. He further claimed that Elamite and Dravidian possess similar second-person pronouns and parallel case endings. For example, the term for mother in the Elamite language and in different Dravidian languages like Tamil and Kannada is amma.[6] They have identical derivatives, abstract nouns, and the same verb stem+tense marker+personal ending structure. Both have two positive tenses, a 'past' and a 'non-past'.[7]
Georgiy Starostin criticized McAlpin's proposed morphological correspondences between Elamite and Dravidian as no closer than correspondences with other nearby language families,[8] while Bhadriraju Krishnamurti regarded them to be ad hoc, and found them to be lacking phonological motivation.[9] Similar criticisms are stated by Kamil Zvelebil and others.[9] Furthermore, Elamite is generally accepted by scholars to be a language isolate, unrelated to any other known language.[10][11][12]
Renfrew and Cavalli-Sforza have also argued that Proto-Dravidian was brought to India by farmers from the Iranian part of the Fertile Crescent,[13][14][15][note 2] but more recently Heggarty and Renfrew noted that 'McAlpin's analysis of the language data, and thus his claims, remain far from orthodoxy', adding that Fuller finds no relation of Dravidian languages with other languages, and thus assumes it to be native to India.[2] Renfrew and Bahn conclude that several scenarios are compatible with the data, and that 'the linguistic jury is still very much out.'[2]
Proposed cultural links[edit]
Apart from the linguistic similarities, the Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis rests on the claim that agriculture spread from the Near East to the Indus Valley region via Elam. This would suggest that agriculturalists brought a new language as well as farming from Elam. Supporting ethno-botanical data include the Near Eastern origin and name of wheat (D. Fuller). Later evidence of extensive trade between Elam and the Indus Valley Civilization suggests ongoing links between the two regions.
The distribution of living Dravidian languages, concentrated mostly in southern India but with isolated pockets in southern Afghanistan and Pakistan (Brahui) and in Central and East India (Kurukh, Malto), suggests to some a wider past distribution of the Dravidian languages. However, there are varied opinions about the origin of northern Dravidian languages like Brahui, Kurukh and Malto.[16] The Kurukh have traditionally claimed to be from the Deccan Peninsula,[17] more specifically Karnataka. The same tradition has existed of the Brahui.[18][19] They call themselves immigrants.[20] Many scholars hold this same view of the Brahui,[21] such as L. H. Horace Perera and M. Ratnasabapathy.[22] The absence of any older Iranian loanwords in Brahui supports the connection. The main Iranian contributor to Brahui vocabulary, Balochi, is a Western Iranian language like Kurdish.[23]
Notes[edit]
- ^Renfrew and Bahn conclude that several scenarios are compatible with the data, and that 'the linguistic jury is still very much out.'[2]
- ^Derenko: 'The spread of these new technologies has been associated with the dispersal of Dravidian and Indo-European languages in southern Asia. It is hypothesized that the proto-Elamo-Dravidian language, most likely originated in the Elam province in southwestern Iran, spread eastwards with the movement of farmers to the Indus Valley and the Indian sub-continent.'[15]
Derenko refers to:
* Renfrew (1987), Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins
* Renfrew (1996), Language families and the spread of farming. In: Harris DR, editor, The origins and spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia, pp. 70–92
* Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi, Piazza (1994), The History and Geography of Human Genes.
References[edit]
- ^Southworth, Franklin (2011). 'Rice in Dravidian'. Rice. 4 (3–4): 142–148. doi:10.1007/s12284-011-9076-9.
- ^ abcHeggarty, Paul; Renfrew, Collin (2014), 'South and Island Southeast Asia; Languages', in Renfrew, Colin; Bahn, Paul (eds.), The Cambridge World Prehistory, Cambridge University Press
- ^Archaeologies of Text: Archaeology, Technology, and Ethics. Oxbow Books. p. 34.
- ^Dhavendra Kumar (2004), Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent, Springer, ISBN978-1-4020-1215-0, retrieved 2008-11-25,
... The analysis of two Y chromosome variants, Hgr9 and Hgr3 provides interesting data (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001). Microsatellite variation of Hgr9 among Iranians, Pakistanis and Indians indicate an expansion of populations to around 9000 YBP in Iran and then to 6,000 YBP in India. This migration originated in what was historically termed Elam in south-west Iran to the Indus valley, and may have been associated with the spread of Dravidian languages from south-west Iran (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001). ...
- ^David McAlpin, 'Toward Proto-Elamo-Dravidian', Language vol. 50 no. 1 (1974); David McAlpin: 'Elamite and Dravidian, Further Evidence of Relationships', Current Anthropology vol. 16 no. 1 (1975); David McAlpin: 'Linguistic prehistory: the Dravidian situation', in Madhav M. Deshpande and Peter Edwin Hook: Aryan and Non-Aryan in India, Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (1979); David McAlpin, 'Proto-Elamo-Dravidian: The Evidence and its Implications', Transactions of the American Philosophical Society vol. 71 pt. 3, (1981)
- ^The Cambridge History of Iran 2 by I. Gershevitch p.13
- ^David McAlpin, 'Toward Proto-Elamo-Dravidian', Language vol. 50 no. 1 (1974); David McAlpin: 'Elamite and Dravidian, Further Evidence of Relationships', Current Anthropology vol. 16 no. 1 (1975); David McAlpin: 'Linguistic prehistory: the Dravidian situation', in Madhav M. Deshpande and Peter Edwin Hook: Aryan and Non-Aryan in India, Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (1979); David McAlpin, 'Proto-Elamo-Dravidian: The Evidence and its Implications', Transactions of the American Philosophical Society vol. 71 pt. 3, (1981)
- ^Starostin, George (2002). 'On the genetic affiliation of the Elamite language'(PDF). Mother Tongue. 7: 147–170.
- ^ abKrishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003-01-16). The Dravidian Languages. Cambridge University. p. 44. ISBN9781139435338.
- ^Roger Blench, Matthew Spriggs (eds.)(2003), 'Archaeology and Language I: Theoretical and Methodological Orientations', Routledge, p.125
- ^Roger D. Woodard (ed.)(2008), 'The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum', Cambridge University Press, p.3
- ^Amalia E. Gnanadesikan (2011), 'The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Internet', John Wiley & Sons
- ^Cavalli-Sforza (1994), p. 221-222.
- ^Namita Mukherjee; Almut Nebel; Ariella Oppenheim; Partha P. Majumder (December 2001), 'High-resolution analysis of Y-chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from central Asia and West Asia into India'(PDF), Journal of Genetics, 80 (3): 125–35, doi:10.1007/BF02717908, PMID11988631, retrieved 2008-11-25,
... More recently, about 15,000–10,000 years before present (ybp), when agriculture developed in the Fertile Crescent region that extends from Israel through northern Syria to western Iran, there was another eastward wave of human migration (Cavalli-Sforza et al., 1994; Renfrew 1987), a part of which also appears to have entered India. This wave has been postulated to have brought the Dravidian languages into India (Renfrew 1987). Subsequently, the Indo-European (Aryan) language family was introduced into India about 4,000 ybp ...
- ^ abDerenko (2013).
- ^P. 83 The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate by Edwin Bryant
- ^P. 18 The Orāons of Chōtā Nāgpur: their history, economic life, and social organization by Sarat Chandra Roy, Rai Bahadur; Alfred C Haddon
- ^P. 12 Origin and Spread of the Tamils By V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar
- ^P. 32 Ideology and status of Sanskrit : contributions to the history of the Sanskrit language by Jan E M Houben
- ^P. 45 The Brahui language, an old Dravidian language spoken in parts of Baluchistan and Sind by Sir Denys Bray
- ^Ancient India; Culture and Thought By M. L. Bhagi
- ^P. 23 Ceylon & Indian History from Early Times to 1505 A. D. By L. H. Horace Perera, M. Ratnasabapathy
- ^J. H. Elfenbein, A periplous of the ‘Brahui problem’, Studia Iranica vol. 16 (1987), pp. 215–233.
Further reading[edit]
- Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003). The Dravidian Languages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-77111-5.
- McAlpin, David W. (2003). 'Velars, Uvulars, and the North Dravidian Hypothesis'. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 123 (3): 521–546. JSTOR3217749.
- McAlpin, David W. (2015). 'Brahui and the Zagrosian Hypothesis'. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 135 (5): 551–586. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.135.3.551.
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